Below are everyday items used by City of Refuge characters.

 

Tzuriel and his fellow apprentice would pump the pot bellows furiously under the supervision of their ruthless master, Chur. Air forced through the tuyeres, or pipes, heated the burning charcoal in the crucible sunken underground. Ore in the crucible melted and could be refined to pure metal.

In the large courtyard of Tzaddok's home, Bat-Shachar and Basmat would pass a shuttle (flat spool) of thread from left to right, weaving the thread between the set of odd threads in the warp (vertical threads). After releasing the heddle bar from its support, they would pass the shuttle from left to right, weaving between the set of even warp threads.

Bellows Loom

 

Bat-Shachar and Basmat would twisted fuzzy combed wool onto the end of thread protruding from the spindle's top They would roll the round whorl gently on their thighs, setting the spindle spinning. After winding the newly twisted thread under the whorl, they would begin the process again.

To prove the strength of a batch of weapons he produced, Tzuriel's second and benevolent master would secure a metal sample in a stone block, and check to see if the bar sample would break under the impact of several stone disks.

Spindle Metal Test

 

Under the stern gaze of Tzaddok, Bat-Shachar's father, students would write their lessons on a wax tablet using a bone stylus.

When Bat-Shachar and Tzuriel set up camp they placed tinder at the base of the fire stick, placed a palm on the flat cap at the top of the fire stick and bowed the fire drill back and forth to start a flame..

Wax Tablet Fire Stick